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Recorders must be capable of being produced in high volume, their parts must be interchangeable, and they must be easy to service.Recorders should be affordable, easy to operate and have low maintenance costs.The overall system should be versatile, meaning it can be scaled and expanded, such as connecting a video camera, or dub between two recorders.Tapes must be interchangeable between machines.The tape must have at least a two-hour recording capacity.Picture quality must be similar to a normal air broadcast.The system must be compatible with any ordinary television set.īy the end of 1971, they created an internal diagram titled "VHS Development Matrix", which established twelve objectives for JVC's new VTR: In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR. Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format. Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats of their own. The U-matic format was successful in businesses and some broadcast applications for television stations (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. It was preceded by the reel to reel 1/2" EIAJ format. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first cassette format to become a unified standard for different companies. In 1969, JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s.
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In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japanese market, and at a more affordable price. At a price of US$50,000 in 1956 (equivalent to $475,949 in 2020), and US$300 (equivalent to $2,856 in 2020) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. In 1956, following several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, the Ampex VRX-1000, was introduced by Ampex Corporation. The last known company in the world to manufacture VHS equipment ( VCR/DVD combos), Funai of Japan, ceased production in July 2016, citing shrinking demand and difficulties procuring parts. In 2003, DVD rentals surpassed those of VHS in the United States and by 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred low-end method of distribution. After the introduction of the DVD format in 1996, however, the market share for VHS began to decline. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted across Europe, but was hugely popular in Japan and a minor success in the United States. Optical disc formats later began to offer better quality than analog consumer video tape such as VHS and S-VHS. VHS eventually won the war, gaining 60% of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. In the later 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as a means to take control of their viewing experiences. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and changing the economics of the motion picture and television businesses. At that time, the expensive devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging ( fluoroscopy). VHS ( Video Home System) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes.įrom the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs).